（一）考綱要求

名詞應掌握以下內容：分清名詞的可數性與不可數性；可數名詞有單復數，有些名詞只有復數；物質名詞、抽象名詞不可數但可以具體量化使用；名詞所有格和of格的語言現象；名詞直接作定語；國家名詞的正確使用；名詞詞義的區分和搭配；單位名詞的搭配；名詞前的修飾語so, as, quite等；time及常考點。

（二）命題導向

名詞的“可數”與“不可數”是高考命題的熱點之一。不可數名詞前不能與不定冠詞連用，之后不能加-s。有些抽象名詞卻有復數形式，但意義與原來詞不同。有些可數名詞復數有兩個意思，一個與單數意義相同，另一個和單數含義不同，高考中這些含義很可能成為考查的內容。詞語的固定搭配及名詞作定語也是高考命題的注意點。

（三）知識概要

英語的名詞分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類。專有名詞是指個人、團體、地方、機構或事物等所專有的名稱，它的第一個字母必須大寫。如：Einstain, Beijing, Asia等。普通名詞是指一類人、一類事物、某種物質抽象概念的名稱，可分為：個體名詞（可數，如：worker, father, book, tree, school等）；集體名詞（可數，如：people, family, class, team等）；物質名詞（不可數，如：iron, paper, snow, water, chalk, gold等）；抽象名詞（不可數，如：life, thought, idea, strength等）。

注意：可數、不可數是英文名詞和中文名詞的一個重要差異--即學習的重點。而很多英語名詞具有雙重性。即，名詞的類別不是固定不變的，它們會根據詞義的變化和場合的不同而相互轉換，其名詞類別的轉換可歸納如下：

1、個體名詞轉抽象名詞或抽象名詞轉個體名詞

e.g. Our school is not far from my home.（個體）我們學校離我家不遠。

School is over at six.（抽象）六點鐘放學。

2、物質名詞轉個體名詞或個體名詞轉物質名詞

e.g. He broke a piece of glass.（物質）他打破了一塊玻璃。

He broke a glass.（個體）他打破了一個杯子。

3、個體名詞轉專有名詞

e.g. His father is a teacher.（個體）他父親是個教師。

“What are you doing there?” Father asked.（專有）“你在那兒干什么？”父親問道。

（四）名詞的數

名詞分為可數（有單、復數形式）和不可數名詞（只有單數形式）。

1、可數名詞單數變復數：

① 一般加s ：lesson → lessons, pen → pens

② 以s, x, ss, ch, sh, o結尾的加es ：buses, boxes, classes, watches, brushes, hero → heroes

但有些以o結尾的名詞，是加s構成復數：kilo → kilos, piano → pianos, radio → radios,

photo → photos, zoo → zoos

③ 以輔音字母 + y 結尾的改y為i，再加es ：city → cities, story → stories

④ 以f 或fe結尾的，一般將f或fe改為v，再加es ：knife → knives, leaf → leaves

但有些以f 結尾的名詞，是在f后加s，構成復數形式：belief → beliefs, roof → roofs, safe（保險箱）→ safes, proof（證據）→ proofs, chief → chiefs, handkerchief → handkerchiefs

2、有些名詞，不按上述規則構成其復數形式，有以下幾種情況：

① 單復數形式相同：Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep

② 不規則變化：man → men, woman → women, goose → geese, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, child → children, mouse → mice, ox → oxen 。但是，German → Germans

③ 復合名詞的復數形式：editor-in-chief → editors-in-chief, daughter-in-law → daughters-in-law, grown-up → grown-ups, woman teacher → women teachers, man driver → men drivers

3、注意以下幾個名詞單復數問題

① 物質名詞一般不用復數形式,但有些物質名詞要用復數形式來表示不同的類別,如：fishes各種魚，fruits各種水果，steels各種鋼材。

② 物質名詞表示數量時，一般用表示數量的短語來表示。如：a cup of tea, three bags of apples, four pieces of bread。

③ 有些抽象名詞的復數形式表示不同的含義。如：work（工作）→ works（著作），arm（手臂）→ arms（軍火），glass（玻璃）→ glasses（眼鏡），cloth（布）→ clothes（衣服）。

④ 定冠詞加上姓氏的復數形式，表示全家人或夫婦二人；姓氏的復數形式前不加冠詞，則表示若干個姓…的人。如：the Wangs王家，three Wangs三個姓王的。

⑤ 只用作單數的復數形式的名詞。如：physics, mathematics, news, the United States

⑥ 有些名詞形似單數，但實為復數。如：police, people, cattle

⑦ 有些名詞如被看作整體時就作單數用，如被看作組成該集體的各個成員時就作復數用。如：class, family, couple, audience, government, public

⑧ 有些抽象名詞在具體化時，可以復數形式出現。表示特指時，可和定冠詞連用；表示“某種”或“一次”意義時，可和不定冠詞連用。如：How did you smooth away the difficulties?（指各種具體困難）；It is a great pleasure to talk with you.；What a surprise!

（五）名詞的所有格

名詞的所有格在句中表示所有關系，作定語用。

1、有生命名詞的所有格一般在詞尾加上“’”或“’s”。如：Tom’s bike, Engles’s (Engles’) works, a works’ school, Women’s Day, the editor-in-chief’s office

2、如果一個事物為兩個人所有，只在后一個名詞的詞尾加“’s”，如果不是共有，就要在兩個名詞的詞尾都加上“’s”。如：Tom and Mike’s room.（共有），Tom’s and Mike’s books.（不共有）。

3、表示時間、距離、國家、城市的無生命名詞，可以在詞尾加“’s”或“’”表示所有格，如：today’s papers, ten minutes’ walk

4、表示店鋪或某人的家時，常在名詞所有格之后省去shop, house, home。如：the tailor’s

5、無生命名詞的所在格通常用of短語來表示。如：the window of the room

6、表示有生命的名詞有時也可用of短語來表示所有關系，而且當該名詞帶有較長的定語時。如：the teachers of the No. 1 Middle School.

7、雙重所有格結構前的被修飾名詞通常指整體中的部分或一個，雙重所有格只能用于有生命的名詞，這個名詞是確定的。被修飾名詞前有不定冠詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞或數詞等限定詞時，一般只能用雙重所有格。如：an old friend of my uncle’s, a daughter of Mrs Green’s, the house of one of my friends

（六）名詞的普通格作定語

表材料、地點、用途、性質、泛指時間、整體等普通名詞可以作定語，一般用單數形式。

e.g. stone figures（石像）；paper money（紙幣）；country music（鄉村音樂）；table cloth（桌布）；river bank（河岸）；school gate（校門口）；book stores（書店）；traffic lights（交通燈）；summer holidays（暑假）；evening dress（晚禮服）。

但在個別情況下，也有需用復數的。

e.g. sports meet（運動會）；the United States government（美國政府）；students reading-room（學生閱覽室）；goods train（貨車）；two men doctors（兩個男醫生）。

練習、名詞

1. The ____ of the room were covered with ____.

A. roofs, leafs B. roofs, leaves C. rooves, leafs D. rooves, leaves

2. There are three ____ in our factory.

A. woman doctors B. women doctors C. woman doctor D. women doctor

3. Which do you prefer ____ or ____?

A. potatos, tomatos B. potatos, tomatoes C. potatoes, tomatos D. potatoes, tomatoes

4. They are ____ of different presses(出版社). Now they are having a meeting in one of the ____ office.

A. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in-chief’s B. editors-in-chief, editor-in-chief’s

C. editors-in-chiefs, editor’s-in-chief’s D. editors-in-chief, editors-in-chief’s

5. The ant has two ____. A. stomaches B. stomacks C. stomach D. stomachs

6. He doesn’t like ____ for supper. A. chick B. chicken C. chickens D. chicks

7. It was ____ hot weather that many of us went swimming.

A. so B. such C. so as D. such a

8. ____ wonderful space they saw on the room!

A. How B. How a C. What D. What a

9. We know ____ travels not so fast as light.

A. sound B. sounds C. the sounds D. a sound

10. My family raise a lot of ____, including two ____.

A. cattle, cows B. cows, cattle C. cattles, cows D. cow, cattles

11. A number of soldiers ____ at he camp gate（軍營門口）.

A. have gathered B. has gathered C. is D. was

12. The Browns have spent a large ____ of money on their new car.

A. deal B. amount C. number D. size

13. ____ work has been done to improve the people’s living standard.

A. Many B. A great many C. A great deal of D. A number of

14. Mr Li shook ____ warmly with a friend.

A. hand B. a hand C. hands D. the hands

15. Two ____, please. A. coffee B. coffees C. cup of coffee D. cups coffee

16. I can’t pay as ____ as he asked for.

A. high price a B. high price C. a high price D. high a price

17. ____ knowledge of space develops rapidly. A. Man’s B. Men’s C. Mens’ D. Person’s

18.I stayed at ____. A. Xiao Wang’s B. Wang’s home C. the Wangs D. home of Wang

19. Sister Carrie works in a ____ factory. A. shoes B. shoses C. shoe D. shoe’s

20. Have you ever read ____?

A. today newspaper B. newspaper today C. newspaper of today D. today’s newspaper

21. Two ____ walk didn’t made me tired. A. hour B. hours C. hour’s D. hours’

22. The mother over there is ____ mother.

A. Julia and Mary B. Julia and Mary’s C. Julia’s and Mary’s D. Julia’s and Mary

23. Li Ming’s handwriting is better than ____ in the class.

A. anyone’s B. anyone else C. anyone’s else’s D. anyone else’s

24. The children are playing ____ on the ____.

A. sand, sand B. sands, sands C. sand, sands D. sands, sand

25. If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller ____. A. set B. one C. copy D. pair

26. Tom usually takes a ____ in bus on rainy days. A. walk B. ride C. trip D. travel

27. We have no ____ about where she has gone.

A. information B. news C. message D. flash

28. Food and ____ are daily necessities（需要）for the people.

A. cloth B. clothe C. clothes D. clothing

29. My ____ of hearing is not so good as it used to be. A. strength B. sense C. power D. skill

30. The ____ caused by carelessness ____ yesterday. Many workers were killed.

A. incident, was happened B. matter, happened

C. event, was taken place D. accident, took place

31. The room was so quiet that she could hear the ____ of her heart.

A. beating B. ways C. knocking D. striking

32. ____ has been told not to throw waste things anywhere.

A. The public B. People C. Women D. Man

33. He was an ____ in the government ____.

A. office, official B. official, office C. officer, office D. official, officer

34. There are several ____ in this novel who are different in ____.

A. character, character B. characters, characters C. character, characters D. characters, character

35. We visited him ____ when he was in hospital.

A. every other days B. each other day C. every other day D. every two day

36. My friend will return in ____.

A. one day or two B. a day or two C. one day or two D. a or two days

37. ____ is always difficult for me.

A. Translation B. Translate C. The translation D. A translation

38. ____ of this novel is excellent, quite to my surprise.

A. Translation B. Translate C. The translation D. A translation

39. The police ____ looking into the matter now. A. be B. is C. are D. are going to

40. The Chinese are ____ brave and hard working people. A. the B. a C. / D. one

41. No news ____ good news. A. is B. are C. have D. has

42. Maths still ____ very difficult for me, though I have done my best.

A. looks B. seems C. is D. are

43. “Where ____ my trousers?” the boy asked. A. is B. was C. were D. are

44. How happy they are! Obviously, they are ____.

A. in nice spirits B. in nice spirit C. in high spirits D. in high spirit

45. I saw many ____ seated in the corner reading something.

A. Japanese B. Japaneses C. of Japanese D. of Japaneses

46. Father went to his doctor for ____ about his heart trouble.

A. an advice B. advice C. advices D. the advices

47. We are ____ and they are ____. A. Englishmen, Germans

B. Englishmen, German C. Englishmans, Germans D. Englishmen, Germen

48. ____ are made of ____.

A. A glass, a glass B. Glasses, glass C. The glass, the glass D. Glasses, glasses

49. I’ll have to buy ____ trousers. A. a B. two C. a pair of D. a couple of

50. There are two ____ in our class. A. Liu B. Lius C. Liu’s D. Lius’

51. ____ is needed in cold countries.

A. A lot of clothes B. Much clothing C. Many a cloth D. Lots of clothes

52. They are ____. A. mathematics student B. mathematic students

C. students in mathematics D. mathematics students

53. The laboratory assistant recorded the ____ reactions（反應）.

A. mouses’ B. mice C. mices’ D. mice’s

54. This letter was sent by ____.

A. my father friend B. my father friend’s C. a friend of my father’s D. a friend of my father

55. Ten years had passed. I found she had ____.

A. a little white hair B. some white hair C. a few white hair D. a few white hairs

56. I have made ____ with Billy. A. friends B. friend C. a friend D. the friend

57. The population of Beijing is ____ than that of Xi’an. A. more B. larger C. fewer D. small

58. There are thirty-two ____ in our school.

A. woman teacher B. women teacher C. women teachers D. woman teachers

59. He had tried everything but it made little______ .

　　A. use 　 B. good 　 C. difference 　 D. result

60. You must get there within half an hour. There should be no______ in sending the blood to the dying man.

　　A. wait 　 B. delay 　 C. time 　 D. hurry

61. Enough of it! Nobody here thinks what you are saying should make any______ .

　　A. excuse　 B. sense　 C. use 　 D. value

62. -How dare you play on such thin ice? -Playing on ice is not my ______of spare time.

　　A. idea　 B. thought 　 C. mind 　 D. intention

63. Helen said she would like to go to Atlanta by air, but I wonder if she has enough money to pay for the______ .

　　A. travel 　 B. tourism 　 C. journey 　 D. course

64. One splendid mountain______ followed another during our journey from Mieheel more to Rurunz.

　　A. view 　 B. glance 　 C. screen　 D. scene

65.The new law will come into ___on the day it is passed. (1999上海)

　　A. effect　　 B. use　　 C. service 　　 D. existence

66. When you play' football, what ______do you play?

　　A. situation　 B. place　 C. part 　 D. position

67. It's important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to the______in language studies.

　　A. situation 　 B. expression 　 C. condition 　 D. translation

68. I wrote him a letter to show my ______of his thoughtfulness.

　　A. achievement 　 B. agreement 　 C. view　 D. appreciation

69. One of the advantages of living on the top floor of a high-rise is that you can get a good______ .

　　A. sight 　 B. scene　 C. view 　 D. look

70. Nowadays natural gas, wind and other forms of ______are widely used in the country.

　　A. energy 　 B. force 　 C. power 　 D. materials

71. ______with foreign countries can bring us much information about the world.

　　A. Contrast　 B. Competition 　 C. Contact 　 D. Combination

72. We all know that______speak louder than words.

A. movements 　 B. performances 　 C. operations　 D. actions

73.We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into ___.(NMET1997 38)

　　A. fact　　 B. reality 　　 C. practice 　　 D. deed

74.We've missed the last bus. I'm afraid we have no ____but to take a taxi.(Met 1993 ,33)

　　A. way 　　 B. choice　　 C. possibility 　　 D. selection

75.He dropped the ___and broke it . (Met 1993, 38)

　　A. cup of coffee 　　 B. coffee's cup 　　 C. cup for coffee　　 D. coffee cup

76.Here's my card. Let's keep in ____. (NMET1994 ,33)

　　A. touch 　　 B. relation　　 C. connection 　　 D. friendship

77.He gained his ___by printing ___of famous writers.(NMET1995,40)

　　A. wealth; work 　 B. wealths ; works 　 C. wealths; work 　 D. wealth; works

78.I'll look into the matter as soon as possible , just have a little ___.(MET 1996 ,10)

　　A. wait 　　 B. time 　　 C. patience D. rest

79.If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask them to leave a ____.(NMET1997,18)

　　A. message 　　 B. letter 　　 C. sentence 　　 D. notice

80.These football players had no strict ___until they joined our club. (1997.上海 20)

　　A. practice 　　 B. education 　　 C. exercise 　　 D. training

81.Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of ___.(1996.上海.15)

　　A. energy 　　 B. source 　　 C. power 　　 D. material

82.You'll find this map of great __in helping you to get round London.(NMET 1998 21)

　　A. price 　　 B. cost 　　 C. value 　　 D. usefulness

83.We all know that ___speak louder than words.(1999.上海 24)

　　A. movements 　 B. performances 　 C. operations 　　 D. actions

84.My parents always let me have my own ____of living. (1999.上海25)

　　A. way 　　 B. method　　 C. manner 　　 D. fashion